The recent paper of urdu studies was quite difficult for students.The questions were totally changed compared to previous past papers.there was no question about comparison in Paper 1 as it was used to be instead there was na essay as well as a speech which was founded quite difficult for the students.Students aslo got surprised from Paper 2 of urdu studies.In 2011there was questions about Allam iqbal and Ghalib and same questions about these two figures were found in 2012 paper.so it was quite tough .So it is recommended to students that they should prepare about all figures.Be well prepared and your paper would surely be done according to the grade of A.
Friday, 28 June 2013
Computer ?
What is a Computer?
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept raw data, which is input, process it into meaningful information, which will be output, and store it away in a secondary storage device for safekeeping or later reuse.
Computers work under the control of a stored program, which can be changed.
To function, a computer system requires four main aspects of data handling:
• input
• processing
• output
• storage
Input:
Input devices accept data in a form that the computer can use and then send the data to the processing unit.
Processing:
The central processing unit (CPU) has the electronic circuitry that manipulates input data into information people want. The CPU executes program instructions.
Output:
Output devices show people the processed data in a form that they can use easily.
Storage:
Storage consists of secondary storage devices such as magnetic disks, tapes and CD ROMs, which can store data and programs outside the computer itself. These devices supplement memory, since memory can hold data and programs only temporarily.
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept raw data, which is input, process it into meaningful information, which will be output, and store it away in a secondary storage device for safekeeping or later reuse.
Computers work under the control of a stored program, which can be changed.
To function, a computer system requires four main aspects of data handling:
• input
• processing
• output
• storage
Input:
Input devices accept data in a form that the computer can use and then send the data to the processing unit.
Processing:
The central processing unit (CPU) has the electronic circuitry that manipulates input data into information people want. The CPU executes program instructions.
Output:
Output devices show people the processed data in a form that they can use easily.
Storage:
Storage consists of secondary storage devices such as magnetic disks, tapes and CD ROMs, which can store data and programs outside the computer itself. These devices supplement memory, since memory can hold data and programs only temporarily.
Monday, 24 June 2013
Islamiyat Syllabus
Syllabus 2058/2013-14
SYLLABUS 2058 2013 / 14 AT A GLANCE
Cambridge O Level Islamiyat
Syllabus 2013-14 code 2058
All candidates take two written papers and answer in English. Both papers must be taken for the candidate to be awarded a grade.
Paper 1 1½ hours
Total mark = 50.
Paper 1 contains 5 questions of which candidates must answer Question 1, Question 2 and two
others.
1. Major themes of the Qur’an: Three passages will be set , of which
candidates may choose any two.[8 marks]
2. The history and importance of the Qur’an: This question is usually set in more than one part, and
requires an essay length answer .[14 marks]
3. The life and importance of the Prophet Muhammad: One or two questions are set, usually in
more than one part, requiring essay length answers. [14 marks]
4. The first Islamic community: One or two questions are set, usually in more than one part,
requiring essay length answers.[14 marks]
Paper 2 1½ hours 1½ hours
Total mark = 50.
Paper 2 contains 5 questions of which candidates must answer Question 1, Question 2 and two
others.
1. Major teachings of the Hadiths of the Prophet: Four passages are set ,of which candidates may choose any two.[8 marks]
2. The history and importance of the Hadiths: This question is usually set in more than one part, and requires an essay length answer.[14 marks]
3. The period of rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and their importance as leaders; One or two
questions are set, usually in more than one part, requiring essay length answers. [14 marks]
4. The Articles of Faith (including jihad) and the Pillars of Islam: One or two questions are set, usually in more than one part, requiring essay length answers. [14 marks]
SYLLABUS 2058 2013 / 14 AT A GLANCE
Cambridge O Level Islamiyat
Syllabus 2013-14 code 2058
All candidates take two written papers and answer in English. Both papers must be taken for the candidate to be awarded a grade.
Paper 1 1½ hours
Total mark = 50.
Paper 1 contains 5 questions of which candidates must answer Question 1, Question 2 and two
others.
1. Major themes of the Qur’an: Three passages will be set , of which
candidates may choose any two.[8 marks]
2. The history and importance of the Qur’an: This question is usually set in more than one part, and
requires an essay length answer .[14 marks]
3. The life and importance of the Prophet Muhammad: One or two questions are set, usually in
more than one part, requiring essay length answers. [14 marks]
4. The first Islamic community: One or two questions are set, usually in more than one part,
requiring essay length answers.[14 marks]
Paper 2 1½ hours 1½ hours
Total mark = 50.
Paper 2 contains 5 questions of which candidates must answer Question 1, Question 2 and two
others.
1. Major teachings of the Hadiths of the Prophet: Four passages are set ,of which candidates may choose any two.[8 marks]
2. The history and importance of the Hadiths: This question is usually set in more than one part, and requires an essay length answer.[14 marks]
3. The period of rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and their importance as leaders; One or two
questions are set, usually in more than one part, requiring essay length answers. [14 marks]
4. The Articles of Faith (including jihad) and the Pillars of Islam: One or two questions are set, usually in more than one part, requiring essay length answers. [14 marks]
Modem
The modem is used to connect the computer to the telephone line. The telephone network operates using analogue voice signals, while a computer operates on digital signals. The modem is the bridge between the digital and the analog signals, and therefore provides an interface between computer and telephone systems.
The modem converts on and off digital data into an analogue signal by varying, or modulating, the phase and frequency of an electronic wave. On the receiving end of a phone connection, a modem does just the opposite: it demodulates the analogue signals back into the digital code. These two terms MOdulate and DEModulate give the modem its name.
The modem converts on and off digital data into an analogue signal by varying, or modulating, the phase and frequency of an electronic wave. On the receiving end of a phone connection, a modem does just the opposite: it demodulates the analogue signals back into the digital code. These two terms MOdulate and DEModulate give the modem its name.
Sunday, 23 June 2013
History Of Quran (The Last Divine Revelation)
The words of the Quran were collected as they were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, committed to memory by the early Muslims, and recorded in writing by scribes.
During Life Of Holy Prophet(S.A.W)
As the Quran was being revealed, the Prophet Muhammad made special arrangements to ensure that it was written down. Although the Prophet Muhammad himself could neither read nor write, he dictated the verses orally and instructed scribes to mark down the revelation on whatever materials were available: tree branches, stones, leather, and bones. The scribes would then read their writing back to the Prophet, who would check it for mistakes. With each new verse that was revealed, the Prophet Muhammad also dictated its placement within the growing body of text.
When the Prophet Muhammad died, the Quran has been fully written down. It was not in book form, however. It was recorded on different parchments and materials, held in the possession of the Companions of the Prophet.
During Life Of Caliph Abu Bakr
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the entire Quran continued to be remembered in the hearts of the early Muslims. Hundreds of the early Companions of the Prophet had memorized the entire revelation, and Muslims daily recited large portions of the text from memory. Many of the early Muslims also had personal written copies of the Quran recorded on various materials.
Ten years after the Hijrah (632 C.E.), many of these scribes and early Muslim devotees were killed in the Battle of Yamama. While the community mourned the loss of their comrades, they also began to worry about the long-term preservation of the Holy Quran. Recognizing that the words of Allah needed to be collected in one place and preserved, the Caliph Abu Bakr ordered all people who had written pages of the Quran to compile them in one place. The project was organized and supervised by one of the Prophet Muhammad’s key scribes, Zayd bin Thabit.
The process of compiling the Quran from these various written pages was done in four steps:
Zayd bin Thabit verified each verse with his own memory.
Umar ibn Al-Khattab verified each verse. Both men had memorized the entire Quran.
Two reliable witnesses had to testify that the verses were written in the presence of the Prophet Muhammad.
The verified written verses were collated with those from the collections of other Companions.
This method of cross-checking and verifying from more than one source was undertaken with the utmost care. The purpose was to prepare an organized document which the entire community could verify, endorse, and use as a resource when needed.
This complete text of the Quran was kept in the possession of Abu Bakr, and then passed on to the next Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. After his death, they were given to his daughter Hafsah (who was also a widow of the Prophet Muhammad).
During Life Of Caliph Uthman
As Islam began to spread throughout the Arabian peninsula, more and more people entered the fold of Islam from as far away as Persia and Byzantine. Many of these new Muslims were not native Arabic speakers, or they spoke a slightly different Arabic pronunciation from the tribes in Makkah and Madinah. People began to dispute about which pronunciations were most correct. Caliph Uthman bin Affan took charge of ensuring that the recitation of the Quran is of a standard pronunciation.
The first step was to borrow the original, compiled copy of the Quran from Hafsah. A committee of early Muslim scribes was tasked with making transcripts of the original copy, and ensuring the sequence of the chapters (surahs). When these perfect copies had been completed, Uthman bin Affan ordered all remaining transcripts to be destroyed, so that all copies of the Quran were uniform in script.
All Qurans available in the world today are exactly identical to the Uthmani version, which was completed less than twenty years after the death of Prophet Muhammad.
Later, some minor improvements were made in the Arabic script (adding dots and diacritical marks), to make it easier for non-Arabs to read. However, the text of the Quran has remained the same.
During Life Of Holy Prophet(S.A.W)
As the Quran was being revealed, the Prophet Muhammad made special arrangements to ensure that it was written down. Although the Prophet Muhammad himself could neither read nor write, he dictated the verses orally and instructed scribes to mark down the revelation on whatever materials were available: tree branches, stones, leather, and bones. The scribes would then read their writing back to the Prophet, who would check it for mistakes. With each new verse that was revealed, the Prophet Muhammad also dictated its placement within the growing body of text.
When the Prophet Muhammad died, the Quran has been fully written down. It was not in book form, however. It was recorded on different parchments and materials, held in the possession of the Companions of the Prophet.
During Life Of Caliph Abu Bakr
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the entire Quran continued to be remembered in the hearts of the early Muslims. Hundreds of the early Companions of the Prophet had memorized the entire revelation, and Muslims daily recited large portions of the text from memory. Many of the early Muslims also had personal written copies of the Quran recorded on various materials.
Ten years after the Hijrah (632 C.E.), many of these scribes and early Muslim devotees were killed in the Battle of Yamama. While the community mourned the loss of their comrades, they also began to worry about the long-term preservation of the Holy Quran. Recognizing that the words of Allah needed to be collected in one place and preserved, the Caliph Abu Bakr ordered all people who had written pages of the Quran to compile them in one place. The project was organized and supervised by one of the Prophet Muhammad’s key scribes, Zayd bin Thabit.
The process of compiling the Quran from these various written pages was done in four steps:
Zayd bin Thabit verified each verse with his own memory.
Umar ibn Al-Khattab verified each verse. Both men had memorized the entire Quran.
Two reliable witnesses had to testify that the verses were written in the presence of the Prophet Muhammad.
The verified written verses were collated with those from the collections of other Companions.
This method of cross-checking and verifying from more than one source was undertaken with the utmost care. The purpose was to prepare an organized document which the entire community could verify, endorse, and use as a resource when needed.
This complete text of the Quran was kept in the possession of Abu Bakr, and then passed on to the next Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. After his death, they were given to his daughter Hafsah (who was also a widow of the Prophet Muhammad).
During Life Of Caliph Uthman
As Islam began to spread throughout the Arabian peninsula, more and more people entered the fold of Islam from as far away as Persia and Byzantine. Many of these new Muslims were not native Arabic speakers, or they spoke a slightly different Arabic pronunciation from the tribes in Makkah and Madinah. People began to dispute about which pronunciations were most correct. Caliph Uthman bin Affan took charge of ensuring that the recitation of the Quran is of a standard pronunciation.
The first step was to borrow the original, compiled copy of the Quran from Hafsah. A committee of early Muslim scribes was tasked with making transcripts of the original copy, and ensuring the sequence of the chapters (surahs). When these perfect copies had been completed, Uthman bin Affan ordered all remaining transcripts to be destroyed, so that all copies of the Quran were uniform in script.
All Qurans available in the world today are exactly identical to the Uthmani version, which was completed less than twenty years after the death of Prophet Muhammad.
Later, some minor improvements were made in the Arabic script (adding dots and diacritical marks), to make it easier for non-Arabs to read. However, the text of the Quran has remained the same.
Saturday, 22 June 2013
Shahdah ( Oneness Of ALLAH )
Belief in the oneness of Allah is the most important article of faith. Oneness of Allah means Tauheed, which is the foundation of Islam. Thus, the Quran mentions this belief as an act of righteousness in Surah al-Baqarah:
“It is righteousness to believe in Allah…..” (2:177)
God alone is the Supreme Being of this universe. He is the one and the only to be worshipped as there is no god but Allah. The Quran in many places testifies this fact:
“There is no god but He” (2:255)
“Worship God! You have no other god but Him” (7:59)
God is unique and matchless in nature, person and attributes. As for the nature and person of God, we simply can not imagine as it is beyond our comprehension. Many Surahs mentions this unique nature of God, such as, (2:255), (42:11) but Surah al-Ikhlas best sums up this:
“Say, He is Allah the one, Allah the eternal, the absolute. He beget not, nor is he begotten and there is no one like Him” (112)
By believing in the oneness of Allah and Muhammad (pbuh) as his last messenger, a person enters the folds of Islam:
“There is no god but Allah and Muhammad (pbuh) is the messenger of Allah”
God is the Creator and Sustainer of all known and unknown worlds. He alone is the king and Lord of the entire universe as He needs no assistance in maintaining this unbounded domain. Surah al-Nas mentions:
“Say I seek refuge with the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind, the god of mankind” (114:1-3)
God’s knowledge is unlimited and infinite. He has knowledge of all time. He knows everything that is hidden, as the Quran states:
“He knows whatever is on the earth and in the sea. Not a single leaf falls but with His knowledge” (6:59)
God is ever living (immortal) and is free from the clutches of time and space. The Quran in this regard says:
“He is the first and the last” (57:3)
The Jews and the Christians believe that Harzat Isa was the son of Allah, but the fact is the God has no family tree or progeny. He has no ascendants, descendents or consorts. The Quran proves this:
“How can He have a son when He has no consort” (6:101)
It is also believed by Muslims that God alone is the source of mercy and guidance, as mentioned in Surah al-Fatiha. He is the sole source of help and protection, as Surah 113 and 114 mention God’s refuge (help/protection) against external and internal evil. God has the power to bring an end to time and make us all stand accountable before Him:
“Master of the Day of Judgement” (1:4)
Thus, this article is the core of all Islamic teachings; any form or degree of associating partners with God is called ‘Shirk’, which is the only unpardonable sin, as mentioned in (4:48). The Holy Prophet (pbuh) himself said:
“Shirk is the greatest of all sins” (Hadith)
How To Perform Haj
1 – The pilgrim should enter ihraam on the eighth day of Dhu’l-Hijjah from Makkah or its environs within the sanctuary. When entering ihraam for Hajj he should do what he did when entering ihraam for ‘Umrah: ghusl (full ablution), putting on perfume and praying. He should form the intention of entering ihraam for Hajj and recite the Talbiyah.
The Talbiyah for Hajj is the same as the Talbiyah for ‘Umrah, except that one should say here “Labbayka hajjan (Here I am for Hajj)” instead of “Labbayka ‘umratan (Here I am for ‘Umrah).” If he fears that some obstacle may prevent him from completing Hajj, he should stipulate a condition and say: “If something prevents me (from completing Hajj) I will exit ihraam at the point where I am prevented (from continuing).” If he is not afraid of any obstacle then he does not need to stipulate any condition.
2 – Then he should go to Mina and stay there overnight, and offer five prayers there: Zuhr, ‘Asr, Maghrib, ‘Isha’ and Fajr.
3 – When the sun rises on the ninth day he should proceed to ‘Arafah and pray Zuhr and ‘Asr together there, shortened, at the time of Zuhr. Then he should strive in du’aa’, dhikr and prayers for forgiveness until the sun sets.
4 – When the sun sets, he should proceed to Muzdalifah and pray Maghrib and ‘Isha’ there when he arrives. Then he should stay there overnight until he prays Fajr, and remember Him and call upon Him until just before sunrise.
5 – Then he should move on to Mina to stone Jamrat al-‘Aqabah which is the last pillar that is closest to Makkah, throwing seven pebbles one after another, each one approximately the size of a date stone, saying takbeer (“Allaahu akbar”) with each throw.
6 – Then he should slaughter the hadiy (sacrificial animal), namely a sheep or one-seventh of a camel or one-seventh of a cow.
7 – Then he should shave his head if he is male; women should cut their hair but not shave it, taking off the length of a fingertip from all parts of their hair.
8 – Then he should go to Makkah and perform the tawaaf of Hajj.
9 – Then he should go back to Mina and stay there for those nights, namely the nights of the eleventh and twelfth of Dhu’l-Hijjah, and stone the three Jamaraat (stone pillars) after the sun has passed its zenith, throwing seven pebbles, one after another, at each, starting with the smallest pillar – which is the one that is furthest away from Makkah, then the middle pillar. He should recite du’aa’ after both, then he should stone Jamrat al-‘Aqabah, after which there is no du’aa’.
10 – When he has finished stoning the pillars on the twelfth of Dhu’l-Hijjah, if he wishes he may hasten and leave Mina, and if he wishes he may delay (his departure) and stay there on the night of the thirteenth and stone the three Jamaraat after the sun passes its zenith. It is better to delay and stay longer, but it is not obligatory unless the sun sets on the twelfth and one is still in Mina, in which case it becomes obligatory to stay until one stones the three jamaraat after the sun passes its zenith. But if the sun sets on the twelfth day and a person is still in Mina but not by choice, such as if he had packed his bags and got into the bus or truck, but was delayed because of overcrowding and traffic jams, then he does not have to stay, because his staying until after sunset was involuntary.
11 – Once those days are over and the pilgrim wants to leave, he must not leave until he has performed the farewell tawaaf, going around the Ka’bah seven times. Women who are menstruating or bleeding following childbirth d o not have to do this farewell tawaaf.
12 – If the pilgrim is performing a voluntary Hajj on behalf of another person, whether a relative or otherwise, then he has to have done Hajj for himself before that. There is no difference in the way he performs Hajj apart from the intention, i.e., he should form the intention of performing this Hajj on behalf of that person, mentioning him by name in the Talbiyah and saying, “Labbayk ‘an [fulaan] (Here I am on behalf of [So and so]).” Then when he says du’aa’ during the rituals he should pray for himself and for the person on whose behalf he is performing Hajj.
The Talbiyah for Hajj is the same as the Talbiyah for ‘Umrah, except that one should say here “Labbayka hajjan (Here I am for Hajj)” instead of “Labbayka ‘umratan (Here I am for ‘Umrah).” If he fears that some obstacle may prevent him from completing Hajj, he should stipulate a condition and say: “If something prevents me (from completing Hajj) I will exit ihraam at the point where I am prevented (from continuing).” If he is not afraid of any obstacle then he does not need to stipulate any condition.
2 – Then he should go to Mina and stay there overnight, and offer five prayers there: Zuhr, ‘Asr, Maghrib, ‘Isha’ and Fajr.
3 – When the sun rises on the ninth day he should proceed to ‘Arafah and pray Zuhr and ‘Asr together there, shortened, at the time of Zuhr. Then he should strive in du’aa’, dhikr and prayers for forgiveness until the sun sets.
4 – When the sun sets, he should proceed to Muzdalifah and pray Maghrib and ‘Isha’ there when he arrives. Then he should stay there overnight until he prays Fajr, and remember Him and call upon Him until just before sunrise.
5 – Then he should move on to Mina to stone Jamrat al-‘Aqabah which is the last pillar that is closest to Makkah, throwing seven pebbles one after another, each one approximately the size of a date stone, saying takbeer (“Allaahu akbar”) with each throw.
6 – Then he should slaughter the hadiy (sacrificial animal), namely a sheep or one-seventh of a camel or one-seventh of a cow.
7 – Then he should shave his head if he is male; women should cut their hair but not shave it, taking off the length of a fingertip from all parts of their hair.
8 – Then he should go to Makkah and perform the tawaaf of Hajj.
9 – Then he should go back to Mina and stay there for those nights, namely the nights of the eleventh and twelfth of Dhu’l-Hijjah, and stone the three Jamaraat (stone pillars) after the sun has passed its zenith, throwing seven pebbles, one after another, at each, starting with the smallest pillar – which is the one that is furthest away from Makkah, then the middle pillar. He should recite du’aa’ after both, then he should stone Jamrat al-‘Aqabah, after which there is no du’aa’.
10 – When he has finished stoning the pillars on the twelfth of Dhu’l-Hijjah, if he wishes he may hasten and leave Mina, and if he wishes he may delay (his departure) and stay there on the night of the thirteenth and stone the three Jamaraat after the sun passes its zenith. It is better to delay and stay longer, but it is not obligatory unless the sun sets on the twelfth and one is still in Mina, in which case it becomes obligatory to stay until one stones the three jamaraat after the sun passes its zenith. But if the sun sets on the twelfth day and a person is still in Mina but not by choice, such as if he had packed his bags and got into the bus or truck, but was delayed because of overcrowding and traffic jams, then he does not have to stay, because his staying until after sunset was involuntary.
11 – Once those days are over and the pilgrim wants to leave, he must not leave until he has performed the farewell tawaaf, going around the Ka’bah seven times. Women who are menstruating or bleeding following childbirth d o not have to do this farewell tawaaf.
12 – If the pilgrim is performing a voluntary Hajj on behalf of another person, whether a relative or otherwise, then he has to have done Hajj for himself before that. There is no difference in the way he performs Hajj apart from the intention, i.e., he should form the intention of performing this Hajj on behalf of that person, mentioning him by name in the Talbiyah and saying, “Labbayk ‘an [fulaan] (Here I am on behalf of [So and so]).” Then when he says du’aa’ during the rituals he should pray for himself and for the person on whose behalf he is performing Hajj.
Thursday, 20 June 2013
Useful TIps For Solving Urdu Paper
-Use all the time you have that is 2 hours in Paper 1 and 1 hour 45 minutes in Paper 2.
-Read the translation once before inorder to arrange words in the sentence carefully.
-In mazmoon always start with some sort of introduction to the topic.
-All paragraphs in mazmoon should be almost of equal length that is 50 for each.
-NEVER repeat the sentences as it is given in summary and comprehension, always try to change the words or if not possible then change the structure of the sentence BUT it SHOULD make sense
-NEVER change the meaning of the sentences in doing so above
-In urdu you have alot of time, so first read question, make points on sheet, divide time accordingly.
-When you start to write, first have all the lines which u have to write.
-write slowly and try to write in good handwriting.
-recheck after every paragraph, not after all the paper.
-Try to use easy words and simple lines. Don't use those words about which u are not sure. Complicated sentences can maybe make examiner confuse.
-don't write about politics.
-you can write till 200 words in q1 and 250 in q2 so write near to 190 and 240 approximately.
-Read the translation once before inorder to arrange words in the sentence carefully.
-In mazmoon always start with some sort of introduction to the topic.
-All paragraphs in mazmoon should be almost of equal length that is 50 for each.
-NEVER repeat the sentences as it is given in summary and comprehension, always try to change the words or if not possible then change the structure of the sentence BUT it SHOULD make sense
-NEVER change the meaning of the sentences in doing so above
-In urdu you have alot of time, so first read question, make points on sheet, divide time accordingly.
-When you start to write, first have all the lines which u have to write.
-write slowly and try to write in good handwriting.
-recheck after every paragraph, not after all the paper.
-Try to use easy words and simple lines. Don't use those words about which u are not sure. Complicated sentences can maybe make examiner confuse.
-don't write about politics.
-you can write till 200 words in q1 and 250 in q2 so write near to 190 and 240 approximately.
Different type of Devics Of Computer
Output Devices
Output Devices: Information for the User
Output devices provide the results after processing, in a suitable form. In many cases this will be in the form of a hard copy (printout), or on screen (soft copy). With the widespread use of electronic mail (e-mail), output could be in the form of an electronic message to another computer.
Display Screens (Monitors)
Today the computer monitor is the most common form of output, which is also referred to as the VDU or Visual Display Unit that is the most prolific form of output.
Pixel is the name given to a picture element and refers to the smallest area of the screen. The entire screen is made of a lot of pixels. The clarity or clearness of a computer screen is measured in terms of resolution. Screens are normally classed as low resolution, medium resolution or high resolution. High-resolution monitors use more pixels than low resolution.
The quality of a computer monitor is based on the following properties:
• The resolution
• The number of possible colors
• The size (normally the monitors come in sizes of 15" and 17")
• Energy consumption and radiation
Different types of display screens:
Standard television set - An ordinary home television can be used for computer output.
Standard computer monitors - These have better resolution than TV monitors. Larger monitors with high resolution are used for specialized applications such as Desktop Publishing and CAD.
Liquid Crystal Displays - These are screens made up of two glass plates with liquid in between.
Printers
There are many types of different printers used for computer output. We will consider 3 types in this section.
• Dot-matrix printers
• Ink-jet printers
• Laser printers
Dot-Matrix Printers
Dot-matrix printers are impact printers, which can transfer print through layers of paper. This means that they are able to print multi-part stationery.
Example:
If you want to print a multi-part sheet where, the white top sheet goes to the customer, the yellow sheet goes to accounts and the blue sheet to the store sheet, then you will need to use a dot-matrix printer. (similar to the blue, yellow and green layers of bills found in shops when they write the bill).
A dot-matrix printer is very cheap and has the lowest running costs of any printer. It has a matrix of small pins in its print head. As the head moves across the paper the correct pins are fired out to hit an inked ribbon and the shape of the letter required is formed. The greater the number of pins, the higher the quality of the print.
Ink-Jet Printers
An ink-jet printer is a non-impact character printer. They are silent in operation, have good quality printing and have become a very popular printer for PCs. The print head of an ink-jet printer consists of nozzles (usually 64). The ink flows through the appropriate nozzle, where it is heated and a bubble forms. This expands and breaks, releasing a very small ink droplet. These dots are much smaller, and there are more of them, than in a dot-matrix printer. These printers produce printouts that are almost comparable to that produced by laser printers and therefore can print high quality text and graphics.
Laser Printers
These are non-impact page printers. A laser beam is used to form an image on a rotating charged metal drum. Laser printers have toner cartridges, which contain a fine powder called toner. The charged image then picks up the toner particles, which are transferred to the paper, which is also charged. Once the image has been transferred, heat and pressure are used to stick it to the paper permanently.
Since they are page printers they are very fast. The speed of a laser printer is typically about 8 ppm (pages per minute). Color laser printers are now available. Laser printers offer both high speed and excellent print quality of text and graphics. Although they are expensive, they have become widespread in many offices where quality printouts are needed because of the many advantages it has.
Graph Plotters
A plotter is a device commonly used in producing printing plans, maps, line diagrams and three-dimensional drawings, which are particularly line diagrams or graphical output on paper.
Graph plotters use pens to produce images and different pens containing different colored inks may be used. Plotters are generally classified as pen plotters or as pen less plotters. Pen less plotters use various kinds of different technologies. At the moment high quality work for publication is done on electrostatic plotters.
Voice Synthesis
Voice synthesis is used when you get the output as sound. This method is usually very useful for handicapped people.
Example:
Visually handicapped people, find the spoken word from a computer invaluable. For instance, each letter as it is typed can be heard on headphones when special software with a word processor is used.
Projector
These are special devices, which can be connected to the computer and used as a substitute to the monitor. These are used when the output has to be shown to a large audience by projecting the computer output on a white screen or wall.
Input Devices
Input Devices: The user connection
Most of the data comes in hand written forms that cannot be directly input into the computer. These documents need special data preparation devices that translate the source document into a medium that the computer can read, such as a magnetic disk. Input devices are used to input or capture data into a computer system. The ideal input device would be able to get data into a system as accurately as possible in the least amount of time.
There are wide ranges of input devices used today:
Keyboard
The keyboard of all input devices is the oldest and most familiar. Keyboards are devices that contain their own chips. Basically each key in the keyboard acts as a switch, which is switched on when the key is pressed.
The microprocessor scans the keyboard hundreds of times a second to see if a key has been pressed; if it has, a code that denotes which key has been pressed is sent to the processing unit. The CPU translates this code into an ASCII code (the code that computers use to represent characters on the computer keyboard), which is then used by a computer program.
Mouse
A mouse is an input device that usually has one, two or three buttons, which are used to make selections on the screen. It is a pointing device. A mouse translates its movements on the desktop into digital information; this is fed to the computer, which in turn causes the cursor to move on the screen. The cursor is the blinking line on the screen, which indicates that the computer is ready to type. Underneath the mouse is a rotating ball and as the mouse is moved on the desk, and sensors pick up this movement to move the pointer on the screen. (The pointer helps the user point and click on an icon or menu on the screen).
Trackball
What do you get when you turn a computer mouse upside down? A trackball! The ‘mouse' stays still while the user rotates the ball. Trackballs are often seen on laptop computers because it has the advantage of taking up much less space compared with a conventional mouse. It is a pointing device.
Joystick
A joystick is similar to a trackball. Whenever the stick is moved, the pointer moves in a similar direction on the screen. Joysticks are commonly used for games, but you can also see them being used for scanning purposes in hospitals.
Scanner
Scanners are used to scan text or pictures into a computer's memory. Then the scanned image is manipulated in some way before being printed. There are cheap hand held scanners and or flatbed A4 sized ones. Both black and white and color scanners are available.
Touch Screen
A touch screen is a special kind of screen. This is sensitive to touch. A selection is made from usually a menu present on the screen, which is activated by touching part of it. These screens are ideal for use in banks, restaurants and bars, where customers who are not use to keyboards can obtain information about the services offered.
Light Pen
A light pen is a pen-shaped device held in the hand. The presence or absence of light is detected by it. The pen is used to select a particular point on the screen. The screen is refreshed about every 1/50th of a second by a point of light travelling rapidly across it. The pen detects this point of light and the computer can work out by precise timing where the pen is. Light pens need special software to make them work and are mainly used for design work using CAD packages.
Digital Camera
Digital cameras allow the user to transfer the photographs taken, directly into the computer. Previously, if a photograph had to be input into the computer, it had to first scan using a computer scanner and then viewed on the screen. Digital cameras eliminate the requirement for a scanner. No film or photographic paper is needed. The quality of photographs obtained even from low cost digital cameras is quite good. Digital cameras are very efficient to use especially if you want to take photos and edit them later on the computer.
Sensors
For industrial computer applications, such as process control, the computer is required to interact directly with the plant. Since the computer can only communicate with the outside world by using electrical signals, any devices connected to it must be made compatible using analog to digital converters (ADC) and digital to analog converters (DAC).
Sensors are designed to pick up analogue values of the physical variables and feed them into the computer.
Example:
• temperature
• pressure
• intensity of light
• electrical voltages
• electrical currents
• switch positions
Depending on the values received by the computer, it activates other output devices like motors, valves etc.
Wednesday, 19 June 2013
Spread Sheet
A spreadsheet can be used for storing information, analysing information and performing calculations. It's useful for displaying and analysing survey results.
What is a spreadsheet?
A spreadsheet is software used for storing lists of information, analysing information and performing calculations.
This spreadsheet has nine rows and six columns
A spreadsheet is made up of rows and columns.
Rows go across the page and are labeled with numbers.
Columns go down the page and are labeled at the top with letters.
This spreadsheet has nine rows and six columns
A spreadsheet is made up of rows and columns.
Rows go across the page and are labeled with numbers.
Columns go down the page and are labeled at the top with letters.
Autofill
Autofill is found in most spreadsheet packages. Autofill helps to quickly enter frequently used series of data. Examples include:
dates
days of the week
series of numbers
Autofill works by dragging the bottom right-hand corner of a cell. As you hover the mouse over the corner, a cross will appear. Click and drag either down, or across to fill other cells.
Advantages of using spreadsheets
The great thing about spreadsheets is information can easily be updated:
prices can be updated
new items added
complex calculations can be made
Difference between function and formula
A formula is statement written by the user to be calculated. Formulas can be as simple or as complex as the user wants. A formula can contain values, references to cells, defined names, and functions.
All formulas must start with the equals sign.
Example: =(A1+A2+A3)
A function is a piece of code designed to calculate specific values and is used inside formulas. Functions and to calculate the current time is built into excel. Additional functions can be defined using Visual Basic.
Example: =Sum(A1:A3)
What is a spreadsheet?
A spreadsheet is software used for storing lists of information, analysing information and performing calculations.
This spreadsheet has nine rows and six columns
A spreadsheet is made up of rows and columns.
Rows go across the page and are labeled with numbers.
Columns go down the page and are labeled at the top with letters.
This spreadsheet has nine rows and six columns
A spreadsheet is made up of rows and columns.
Rows go across the page and are labeled with numbers.
Columns go down the page and are labeled at the top with letters.
Autofill
Autofill is found in most spreadsheet packages. Autofill helps to quickly enter frequently used series of data. Examples include:
dates
days of the week
series of numbers
Autofill works by dragging the bottom right-hand corner of a cell. As you hover the mouse over the corner, a cross will appear. Click and drag either down, or across to fill other cells.
Advantages of using spreadsheets
The great thing about spreadsheets is information can easily be updated:
prices can be updated
new items added
complex calculations can be made
Difference between function and formula
A formula is statement written by the user to be calculated. Formulas can be as simple or as complex as the user wants. A formula can contain values, references to cells, defined names, and functions.
All formulas must start with the equals sign.
Example: =(A1+A2+A3)
A function is a piece of code designed to calculate specific values and is used inside formulas. Functions and to calculate the current time is built into excel. Additional functions can be defined using Visual Basic.
Example: =Sum(A1:A3)
Descendants of Holy Prophet(S.A.W)
1. Zainab bint Muhammad:She was the eldest daughter of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and his wife khadija and was born ten years before being granted prophet hood. She was the second child of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) after Qasim. She was married to her maternal aunts son Abul Aas bin Rabi. She embraced Islam but was left in Makah when the Holy Prophet (PBUH) migrated to Madinah. Her husband didn’t accept Islam until 6 A.H. Her husband wasn’t a Muslim and fought against the Muslims in the battle of Badr. He was brought as a captive before the Holy Prophet (PBUH). For his ransom, Zainab sent a necklace that had been given to her by her mother. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) returned the necklace and released Abul Aas on the condition that he would send Zainab to Madinah, which he did.
On the way she was attacked by Habbar bin Aswad and suffered a miscarriage. She died in 8 A.H as a result of the wounds inflicted upon her by this attack. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) performed her funeral prayer and she was buried in Madinah. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) used to say about her:
“ She is the best amongst my daughters; for my sake she has suffered a lot”
She was highly devoted to her father and was re-united with her husband after his conversion. They had two children; Ali who dies in infancy and Ummaimah who later married Ali bin Abi Talib.
2. Ruqayya bint Muhammad: The Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s second daughter was born three years after the birth of Zainab. She was married to Utba son of Abu Lahab. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) declared his mission; Abu Lahab became his enemy and asked his son to divorce Ruqayya, which he did.
Then she was then married to Hazrat Usman bin Affan. She along with her husband was the first couple to migrate for the sake of Islam as they were in the first batch of emigrants to Abyssinia. In Abyssinia she gave birth to a son who died when he was six years old. They came back to Makah in the tenth year of Prophet Hood. A few years later, she migrated to Madinah with her husband.
They both were a handsome couple and their marriage was a happy one. She contracted small pox and died at the age of 21 when her father was away for the battle of Badr.
3. Umm-e-Kulthum bint Muhammad: She was the third daughter of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and was born three years before Prophet Hood. She was first married to Utaiba, son of Abu Lahab. When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) declared his mission, Abu Lahab asked his son to divorce Umm-e-Kulthum, which he did. She migrated to Madinah with her step mother Hazrat Sawdah. After the death of Ruqayya, she was married to Hazrat Usman. She died at the age of 25 A.H. while her father and husband were away for the Tabuk expedition. She didn’t leave behind any children.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself laid her down in the grave with flowing tears.
4. Fatima bint Muhammad:Her name was Fatima and title was Zahra. She was the youngest daughter of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) born from his marriage with Khadija. She was born on the first year of the mission of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Thus it is generally believed that she was the first baby who was a Muslim since she was born. She was married to Hazrat Ali at the age of 15.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) had great love for Fatima. He would stand up to receive her and offer his place to her to sit. Fatima would do the same on receiving her father. Ali did not solemnize any marriage during the life of Hazrat Fatima.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) also included Fatima among the sacred women by saying:
“Among all the women of the world, Mary, Khadija, Asiya and Fatima are sufficient to emulate.”
Fatima loved a simple and pious life and was extremely well uniformed in religious affairs. She had five fine children: Hassan, Husain, Mushin, Umm-e-Kulthum and Zainab. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) during his last days of illness had told Fatima that she would be the first to meet him in paradise. She died about six months after his death. Her funeral prayer was performed by her husband Ali and she was buried in Jannat-Ul-Baqi.
5. Hazrat Imam Hassan: Hazrat Imam Hassan was the son of Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Fatima and the elder of the two grandsons of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). He was born in Madinah on the first of Ramadan. Soon after his birth, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) named him Hassan. He is also known as Shabbar, which in the native language means Handsome.
Hassan was brought up in an ideal atmosphere. His only teachers were his grandfather and parents. Imam Hassan would sit and listen to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) as he would recite the latest revelations of the Holy Quran. Then, Imam Hassan would memorize them by heart.
He was only of eight years when the Holy Prophet (PBUH) passed away. A few months later, his mother also died. Hazrat Ali devoted his time in the compilation of the Quran and Hadith. Therefore, Imam Hassan also learnt to follow his father’s example.
During the time of the khilafat of Hazrat Ali, he took part in all the battles. He also held the charge of Bait-ul-Maal. On the 21st of Ramadan, after the death of Hazrat Ali, Imam Hassan was declared Khalifa with the consent of forty thousand people.
Imam Hassan had a wife named Joda bint Ashs. Muaviya, who was an enemy of Imam Hassan, promised her that if she would poison Imam Hassan, he would reward her with 2000 Dirham’s, ten dresses of Gold work and an output of the olive oil of Kufa. In addition, he would marry her to his son Yazid. Joda succeeded in dissolving the poison in the drinking water and Hazrat Imam Hassan died within a few hours after drinking the water. He was buried in Janat-ul-Baki
6. Hazrat Imam Hussain : He was born to Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Fatima on Thursday, third Shabban in the fourth year of Hijrat. At the time of his birth the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was out on an expedition. Immediately, after his birth, hazrat Fatima became ill and Imam Husain was sent to Umm-e-Fazal for nursing.
On the 7th of Muharram, 61 A.H., while Imam Husain was camping at Karbala, the yazid sources cut off all sources of supply of water to the Imam’s, Imam Husain then decided to fight Yazid.
Thus the battle of truth against falsehood began. One after the other, the Imam’s followers laid down their lives. On the 10th of Muharram when all of his devotees had been killed, he went to his sick son Zain-ul-Abidin and handed over the charge of the office of Immamat to him. Then he went back to the battlefield. Swords and axes began falling on him and he lay wounded from head to toe. Later, when he died, his head was cut off from his body and taken to Yazids court.
On the way she was attacked by Habbar bin Aswad and suffered a miscarriage. She died in 8 A.H as a result of the wounds inflicted upon her by this attack. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) performed her funeral prayer and she was buried in Madinah. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) used to say about her:
“ She is the best amongst my daughters; for my sake she has suffered a lot”
She was highly devoted to her father and was re-united with her husband after his conversion. They had two children; Ali who dies in infancy and Ummaimah who later married Ali bin Abi Talib.
2. Ruqayya bint Muhammad: The Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s second daughter was born three years after the birth of Zainab. She was married to Utba son of Abu Lahab. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) declared his mission; Abu Lahab became his enemy and asked his son to divorce Ruqayya, which he did.
Then she was then married to Hazrat Usman bin Affan. She along with her husband was the first couple to migrate for the sake of Islam as they were in the first batch of emigrants to Abyssinia. In Abyssinia she gave birth to a son who died when he was six years old. They came back to Makah in the tenth year of Prophet Hood. A few years later, she migrated to Madinah with her husband.
They both were a handsome couple and their marriage was a happy one. She contracted small pox and died at the age of 21 when her father was away for the battle of Badr.
3. Umm-e-Kulthum bint Muhammad: She was the third daughter of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and was born three years before Prophet Hood. She was first married to Utaiba, son of Abu Lahab. When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) declared his mission, Abu Lahab asked his son to divorce Umm-e-Kulthum, which he did. She migrated to Madinah with her step mother Hazrat Sawdah. After the death of Ruqayya, she was married to Hazrat Usman. She died at the age of 25 A.H. while her father and husband were away for the Tabuk expedition. She didn’t leave behind any children.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself laid her down in the grave with flowing tears.
4. Fatima bint Muhammad:Her name was Fatima and title was Zahra. She was the youngest daughter of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) born from his marriage with Khadija. She was born on the first year of the mission of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Thus it is generally believed that she was the first baby who was a Muslim since she was born. She was married to Hazrat Ali at the age of 15.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) had great love for Fatima. He would stand up to receive her and offer his place to her to sit. Fatima would do the same on receiving her father. Ali did not solemnize any marriage during the life of Hazrat Fatima.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) also included Fatima among the sacred women by saying:
“Among all the women of the world, Mary, Khadija, Asiya and Fatima are sufficient to emulate.”
Fatima loved a simple and pious life and was extremely well uniformed in religious affairs. She had five fine children: Hassan, Husain, Mushin, Umm-e-Kulthum and Zainab. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) during his last days of illness had told Fatima that she would be the first to meet him in paradise. She died about six months after his death. Her funeral prayer was performed by her husband Ali and she was buried in Jannat-Ul-Baqi.
5. Hazrat Imam Hassan: Hazrat Imam Hassan was the son of Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Fatima and the elder of the two grandsons of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). He was born in Madinah on the first of Ramadan. Soon after his birth, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) named him Hassan. He is also known as Shabbar, which in the native language means Handsome.
Hassan was brought up in an ideal atmosphere. His only teachers were his grandfather and parents. Imam Hassan would sit and listen to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) as he would recite the latest revelations of the Holy Quran. Then, Imam Hassan would memorize them by heart.
He was only of eight years when the Holy Prophet (PBUH) passed away. A few months later, his mother also died. Hazrat Ali devoted his time in the compilation of the Quran and Hadith. Therefore, Imam Hassan also learnt to follow his father’s example.
During the time of the khilafat of Hazrat Ali, he took part in all the battles. He also held the charge of Bait-ul-Maal. On the 21st of Ramadan, after the death of Hazrat Ali, Imam Hassan was declared Khalifa with the consent of forty thousand people.
Imam Hassan had a wife named Joda bint Ashs. Muaviya, who was an enemy of Imam Hassan, promised her that if she would poison Imam Hassan, he would reward her with 2000 Dirham’s, ten dresses of Gold work and an output of the olive oil of Kufa. In addition, he would marry her to his son Yazid. Joda succeeded in dissolving the poison in the drinking water and Hazrat Imam Hassan died within a few hours after drinking the water. He was buried in Janat-ul-Baki
6. Hazrat Imam Hussain : He was born to Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Fatima on Thursday, third Shabban in the fourth year of Hijrat. At the time of his birth the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was out on an expedition. Immediately, after his birth, hazrat Fatima became ill and Imam Husain was sent to Umm-e-Fazal for nursing.
On the 7th of Muharram, 61 A.H., while Imam Husain was camping at Karbala, the yazid sources cut off all sources of supply of water to the Imam’s, Imam Husain then decided to fight Yazid.
Thus the battle of truth against falsehood began. One after the other, the Imam’s followers laid down their lives. On the 10th of Muharram when all of his devotees had been killed, he went to his sick son Zain-ul-Abidin and handed over the charge of the office of Immamat to him. Then he went back to the battlefield. Swords and axes began falling on him and he lay wounded from head to toe. Later, when he died, his head was cut off from his body and taken to Yazids court.
Tuesday, 18 June 2013
History And Compilation of Hadith
Compilation during Life of Holy Prophet (pbuh):
Prophet himself would give instructions about the transmission of what he taught,
“Preach what you hear me say. Also let those who see and hear me, take upon themselves to communicate my words to others and preach to their children, relatives and friends.”
There is another report according to which on the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Prophet said,
“He who is present here should carry this message to him who is absent.”
The companions considered it their duty to preach the Ahadis to those who had not seen or listened to him A party of students called Ashab-e-suffah lived in the mosque itself were entrusted with the teaching of religion to tribes outside Madinah . From this group most famous was Abu Hurairah who remained in The Prophet Company at all the times and store up his memory every thing that Prophet said or did. Abu Hurairah efforts were from the very beginning directed towards the preservation of Ahadis.
It is related from Abu Hurairah that once one of the companions told the Prophet of his inability to remember what he heard from him. His reply was:
“Take the help from your right hand” (Tirmizi)
i.e., write it down. Abdullah bin Umar (R) began to write down whatever he heard from the Holy Prophet (pbuh) . His collections contained around 10,000 Ahadis. Abdullah bin Umar himself said: “I used to write everything that I heard from the Prophet (pbuh) intending to commit it to memory”. I spoke about it to the prophet (pbuh) who said:
“Write down, for I only speak the truth” (Abu Daud)
An other report of Abu Hurairah: ‘None of the companions preserved more traditions than myself , but Abdullah bin Amr is an exception for he used to write and I did not’. Hazrat Ali used to write down ahadis concerning the Orders, Instructions issued from Holy Prophet (pbuh). Hazrat Aisha also used to preserved the says of Holy Prophet (pbuh) Abdullah bin umar and Abdullah bin Abbas were engaged in preserving and transmitting the ahadis. The Compilation of Abdullah bin Umar was known as Sadiqa. Process of compilation started in the Life of Holy Prophet (pbuh)
Collection and Compilation After the death Of Holy Prophet (s)
After the Death of Holy Prophet , Islam was widely spread , new converts wanted to hear about Prophet (pbuh) from close companions and associates The companions were the beat authority for Knowledge of ahadis and sunnah as they had listened to Prophet(pbuh) Abu Hurairah , Abudullah bin Abbas , Abdullah bin Umar, Anas bin Malik became the centre to whom people came from different parts of the Islamic empire to gain Knowledge about the Prophet (pbuh). Prophet (pbuh) wives were also vital custodians of Ahadis and were approached for instruction by other companions. Hazrat Aisha, Hazrat Hafsa, Hazrat umm-e- Habibah , Hazrat Maimunah and Umme-e-Salamah are among the earliest and most distinguished transmitters.
The Age of Companion ( 11-100 AH ) Approximately During this period Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz wrote to the governor of Madina to write down all the tradition of the Holy Prophet(pbuh) During this period the companions spread far and wide and settled in almost all the countries conquered by the Muslims. There was no book of compilation. The only alternative was to go to companion and hear the tradition from him. Thus, different centers of learning arose Students were not satisfied with only one centre, because that particular companion might have no Knowledge of all the traditions. It was reported that Jabir bin’ Abdullah travelled from Makkah to Syria to hear a single hadith. Similarly there were many companions who undertook long journeys to verify or hear sayings of Holy Prophet (pbuh) The important works of that period were: 1 : The works of Shihab Al Zuheri. 2: Collection of Abu Bakr Al Hazim
The Age of followers of the Companions (Tabaeens 101-200 AH): This is the age of followers of the companions of the Prophet (pbuh). The most important works of this period were carried out by:
· Abudullah bin Mubarik at Khorasan.
· Abu Bakr Rabi Shybah at Kufa
· Sufyan bin’Uyaina at Madina
· Imam Makhul in syria.
· Abu Kilabah.
The out standing works of this period were:
· Al Muwatta by Imam Malek bin Anas Kittab
· Al-Athar by Imam Ahu Hanifa
· Al-Musanaf by Imam Razzak
· Jami Thauri by Imam Sufyan al-Thauri Kitab
· Al-Kharaj by Imama Yousaf
· Masnad Ahmed bin Humbal by Imam Ahmed Hanbal
· Al-Maghazi by Waqidi
The Hanafi and Maliki School of Legal thoughts were formulated during this period in the light of the ahadith. Abu Hanifa founded the school of deduction or Qiyas By the end of second Century Imam Shafey and Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal also flourished.
Age of followers of the followers (Taba Tabaeen 200-300 AH): This is Golden age of Traditions. The six authentic books of traditions (al Sahah –al Sitta) were written. These are the most reliable books of traditions.
(1) Sahih Bukhari: Written by Muhammad bin ‘Abdullah’ Ismael al-Bukhari(195-256 AH) Took 40 years for collection. His Sahih is next to Quran in authenticity. He selected nearly 7275 out of 600,000 traditions. He accepted only reliable traditions.
(2) Sahih Muslim: written by ‘Abdul Hussain Muslim bin al Hajaj al-Nishapuri-Qushaieri (304-216 A.H) . He travelled many places to learn Hadith. His Sahih consist of 9200 traditions selected out of 300,000. It is considered next to Bukhari . Any tradition accepted by both Bukahri and Muslim has been termed as agreed.
(3) Sunan of Abu Daud: Abu Daud wrote it during 202-275 AH. He travelled to all important centers of traditions. It consists of 4800 traditions selected out of 500,000 and it took him 20 years to complete his book.
(4) Jami Tirmidhi: written by Abu’Isa-al-Tirmidhi during 209-279 AH. He was first man to determine the names, surnames and titles of narrators of traditions.
(5) Sunan of Nisai: was written by Abu’Abdur Rahman an Nisai during 214-303 AH . It also contains weak and doubtful traditions.
(6) Sunan of ibn Majah: written by Mohammad bin Yezid ibn Majah during 209-273.AH.
SHI’A BOOKS:
Authentic books of Shia’s were also compiled during that period. Important are:
(1)Al-Kafi fi ilm al deen (the sufficient in the science of religion): it was written by Abu J’afar Muhammed who died in 339 AH.
(2)Al-Istibsar (the prespective): written by Abu J’afar Bin Al Hassan who died in 389AH.
(3)Tehzeeb-ul-Ahkam (the revision of judgemens)t: written by Abu J’afar Mohammed Bin Al Hassan.
(4)Man la Yahzoroh ul Fiqh (one who has no legal expert present): written by Abu J’afar Muhammad’ Ali.
Prophet himself would give instructions about the transmission of what he taught,
“Preach what you hear me say. Also let those who see and hear me, take upon themselves to communicate my words to others and preach to their children, relatives and friends.”
There is another report according to which on the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Prophet said,
“He who is present here should carry this message to him who is absent.”
The companions considered it their duty to preach the Ahadis to those who had not seen or listened to him A party of students called Ashab-e-suffah lived in the mosque itself were entrusted with the teaching of religion to tribes outside Madinah . From this group most famous was Abu Hurairah who remained in The Prophet Company at all the times and store up his memory every thing that Prophet said or did. Abu Hurairah efforts were from the very beginning directed towards the preservation of Ahadis.
It is related from Abu Hurairah that once one of the companions told the Prophet of his inability to remember what he heard from him. His reply was:
“Take the help from your right hand” (Tirmizi)
i.e., write it down. Abdullah bin Umar (R) began to write down whatever he heard from the Holy Prophet (pbuh) . His collections contained around 10,000 Ahadis. Abdullah bin Umar himself said: “I used to write everything that I heard from the Prophet (pbuh) intending to commit it to memory”. I spoke about it to the prophet (pbuh) who said:
“Write down, for I only speak the truth” (Abu Daud)
An other report of Abu Hurairah: ‘None of the companions preserved more traditions than myself , but Abdullah bin Amr is an exception for he used to write and I did not’. Hazrat Ali used to write down ahadis concerning the Orders, Instructions issued from Holy Prophet (pbuh). Hazrat Aisha also used to preserved the says of Holy Prophet (pbuh) Abdullah bin umar and Abdullah bin Abbas were engaged in preserving and transmitting the ahadis. The Compilation of Abdullah bin Umar was known as Sadiqa. Process of compilation started in the Life of Holy Prophet (pbuh)
Collection and Compilation After the death Of Holy Prophet (s)
After the Death of Holy Prophet , Islam was widely spread , new converts wanted to hear about Prophet (pbuh) from close companions and associates The companions were the beat authority for Knowledge of ahadis and sunnah as they had listened to Prophet(pbuh) Abu Hurairah , Abudullah bin Abbas , Abdullah bin Umar, Anas bin Malik became the centre to whom people came from different parts of the Islamic empire to gain Knowledge about the Prophet (pbuh). Prophet (pbuh) wives were also vital custodians of Ahadis and were approached for instruction by other companions. Hazrat Aisha, Hazrat Hafsa, Hazrat umm-e- Habibah , Hazrat Maimunah and Umme-e-Salamah are among the earliest and most distinguished transmitters.
The Age of Companion ( 11-100 AH ) Approximately During this period Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz wrote to the governor of Madina to write down all the tradition of the Holy Prophet(pbuh) During this period the companions spread far and wide and settled in almost all the countries conquered by the Muslims. There was no book of compilation. The only alternative was to go to companion and hear the tradition from him. Thus, different centers of learning arose Students were not satisfied with only one centre, because that particular companion might have no Knowledge of all the traditions. It was reported that Jabir bin’ Abdullah travelled from Makkah to Syria to hear a single hadith. Similarly there were many companions who undertook long journeys to verify or hear sayings of Holy Prophet (pbuh) The important works of that period were: 1 : The works of Shihab Al Zuheri. 2: Collection of Abu Bakr Al Hazim
The Age of followers of the Companions (Tabaeens 101-200 AH): This is the age of followers of the companions of the Prophet (pbuh). The most important works of this period were carried out by:
· Abudullah bin Mubarik at Khorasan.
· Abu Bakr Rabi Shybah at Kufa
· Sufyan bin’Uyaina at Madina
· Imam Makhul in syria.
· Abu Kilabah.
The out standing works of this period were:
· Al Muwatta by Imam Malek bin Anas Kittab
· Al-Athar by Imam Ahu Hanifa
· Al-Musanaf by Imam Razzak
· Jami Thauri by Imam Sufyan al-Thauri Kitab
· Al-Kharaj by Imama Yousaf
· Masnad Ahmed bin Humbal by Imam Ahmed Hanbal
· Al-Maghazi by Waqidi
The Hanafi and Maliki School of Legal thoughts were formulated during this period in the light of the ahadith. Abu Hanifa founded the school of deduction or Qiyas By the end of second Century Imam Shafey and Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal also flourished.
Age of followers of the followers (Taba Tabaeen 200-300 AH): This is Golden age of Traditions. The six authentic books of traditions (al Sahah –al Sitta) were written. These are the most reliable books of traditions.
(1) Sahih Bukhari: Written by Muhammad bin ‘Abdullah’ Ismael al-Bukhari(195-256 AH) Took 40 years for collection. His Sahih is next to Quran in authenticity. He selected nearly 7275 out of 600,000 traditions. He accepted only reliable traditions.
(2) Sahih Muslim: written by ‘Abdul Hussain Muslim bin al Hajaj al-Nishapuri-Qushaieri (304-216 A.H) . He travelled many places to learn Hadith. His Sahih consist of 9200 traditions selected out of 300,000. It is considered next to Bukhari . Any tradition accepted by both Bukahri and Muslim has been termed as agreed.
(3) Sunan of Abu Daud: Abu Daud wrote it during 202-275 AH. He travelled to all important centers of traditions. It consists of 4800 traditions selected out of 500,000 and it took him 20 years to complete his book.
(4) Jami Tirmidhi: written by Abu’Isa-al-Tirmidhi during 209-279 AH. He was first man to determine the names, surnames and titles of narrators of traditions.
(5) Sunan of Nisai: was written by Abu’Abdur Rahman an Nisai during 214-303 AH . It also contains weak and doubtful traditions.
(6) Sunan of ibn Majah: written by Mohammad bin Yezid ibn Majah during 209-273.AH.
SHI’A BOOKS:
Authentic books of Shia’s were also compiled during that period. Important are:
(1)Al-Kafi fi ilm al deen (the sufficient in the science of religion): it was written by Abu J’afar Muhammed who died in 339 AH.
(2)Al-Istibsar (the prespective): written by Abu J’afar Bin Al Hassan who died in 389AH.
(3)Tehzeeb-ul-Ahkam (the revision of judgemens)t: written by Abu J’afar Mohammed Bin Al Hassan.
(4)Man la Yahzoroh ul Fiqh (one who has no legal expert present): written by Abu J’afar Muhammad’ Ali.
1st Islamic Community
Wives of Holy Prophet(S.A.W)
Hazrat Khadija also known by the name of Tahira was daughter of Khawalid bin Asad and Fatima bint Zaidah. She was twice widowed. She married Holy Prophet (pbuh) in the age of 40and Holy Prophet (pbuh) was 25 years old. She died in the age of 65.
She bore to Holy Prophet (pbuh) 2 sons and 4 daughters. Holy Prophet (pbuh) did not marry as long she was alive. She was first convert to Islam. She suffered hard ships and persecutions. She gave Holy Prophet (pbuh) moral support when Holy Prophet (pbuh) received first revelation and financial support by placing her wealth at his disposal.
She was a pure and pious lady. She used to help poor’s.
Holy Prophet (pbuh) once said: "Khadija's love is given to me by Allah"
Hazrat Sawdah:
She was the second wife of Holy Prophet (pbuh) after Hazrat Khadija. She was once divorced. She needed protection from her family which was against her. Holy Prophet (pbuh) married her to give her protection. She died in the 22 year of hijrat. She was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.
She had narrated 5 traditions. She was early converts of Islam. Her dwelling and Hazrat Aisha’s were first the first to be built in the mosque. She loved Holy Prophet (pbuh) so much that at his last illness she did not went for hajj or umrah. She also gave her turn when Holy Prophet (pbuh) met every wife in the favour of Hazrat Aisha.
Holy Prophet referred to her as the most generous and charitable of his wife’s. She was pious and god fearing. She got up before dawn for prayers and indulges in them till sun rise.
Hazrat Aisha:
She was daughter of Hazrat Abu Bakr. Holy prophet married her before migration to Madinah. She was 10 at the marriage but it was solemnized at attaining maturity. They married 10 years after holy prophet received first revelation. At Holy Prophet (pbuh) death she was 25 years old. She spent rest 48 years as a widow.
After the death of Holy Prophet (pbuh) she preached and propagated the message of holy Quran and Hadis. She got more allowance than other wives because of her knowledge. She used to convey decisions on religious matters even during the days of first 3 khalifas. She is ranked amongst prominent companions of Holy Prophet (pbuh). She had memorized 2 thousand, 200 and 10 traditions. Holy Prophet (pbuh) was buried in her apartment. She often used to purchase slaves and free them. She was known by the title of Humaira and Umm e Abdullah.
She was a pious and god fearing lady. She fasted very often and was particular about the pilgrimage.
Hazrat Hafsa:
Hazrat hafsa was daughter of second Khalifa, Hazrat Umar bin Khattab. She was born 5 year before prophet hood. She was once widowed. Holy prophet married her to strengthen ties with Hazrat Umar and his tribe. Hazrat Hafsa died in the month of Shaban 45 A.H and is buried in jannat-ul-baqi.
She was rank second to Hazrat Aisha for desire for knowledge. She has narrated about 60 traditions. She was the custodian of the original copy of the holy Quran compiled by Zaid bin Sabit.
She was an extremely religious lady, known for her devotion to prayer and fasting. She gave her property to poor and needy.
Hazrat Zainab bint Khuzimah:
She was the daughter of Khuwalid bin Abdullah. She was once divorced and was poor. Many people proposed her but she rejected them. Holy Prophet (pbuh) married her in the month of Ramzan, 3A.H. she died after 3 months and is buried in jannat-ul-baqi. She was 30 year old when she died.
Holy Prophet (pbuh) led her funeral prayers. She used to help poor for which she was called Umm ul Masakin.
She was a very kind lady. No poor returned empty handed from her house. She had no match in benevolence and generosity.
Hazrat Umm e Salmah:
She was the daughter of Hazrat Abu Umayyah. She belonged to house of makzoom a tribe of quraish. Her father was leader of tribe. They were rich and wealthy people. She was once widowed. She was married to Holy Prophet (pbuh) in the end of Shawwal, 4 A.H. She was 84 at the time of her death, and as such she was born 9 years before Nubuwwat. Her funeral was led by Hazrat Abu Hurairah and she was buried in jannat-ul-baqi.
She was the first woman to migrate to Madinah. She was second to Aisha in learning. She narrated 378 Ahadis. Her style of recitation was identical to Holy Prophet (pbuh).
She was modest and generous. She led simple and pious life. She had intense love for Holy Prophet (pbuh).
Hazrat Zainab bint Jash:
She was the Prophet Mohammad’s (pbuh) first cousin. She was daughter of Umaima bint Abdul Muttalib. She was first given in marriage by the Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) to his adopted son Hazrat Zaid bin Hazrat. When Hazrat Zaid divorced her, she was married to the Prophet Mohammad by command of Allah, as mentioned in Surah Al Ahzab This took place in 5 A.H., at that time she was 35. She was born 17 years before Nubuwwat. She died in 20 and ‘Umar led the funeral service. She was 53 at the time of her death.
Her house was used for extension for Holy Prophet (pbuh) mosque. She was the first to meet Holy Prophet (pbuh) in heaven.
She was pious and generous lady. She used to help poor’s.
Hazrat Jawariyah bint Haris:
She was a war captive and was distributed to another person but she did not want to go with him and she told this to Holy Prophet (pbuh). So he proposed her to marry him so he could pay ransom to him. Hazrat Jawariyah agreed and they married. As a result many war captives were set free. She died in age of 65 during reign of muawiya and buried in jannat-ul-baqi.
She was a woman of great learning and she quoted many traditions. She was a woman of religious mind and spent most of her time in prayers.
Hazrat Umm-e-Habibah:
She was daughter of Abu Sufyan. She was once widowed. She was married to Holy Prophet (pbuh) to save her from her father who was enemy of Islam. She died in the age of seventy three.
She narrated 65 traditions. She wanted to help besieged people when Hazrat Usman was besieged in 35A.H in his house but she couldn’t. She migrated to another for the sake of Islam and suffered many hardships.
She was a staunch believer in tenets of Islam. She was a devoted and loving wife of Holy Prophet (pbuh).
Hazrat Safiyah:
She was born in madinah and belonged to a Jewish tribe of banu nazir. She was divorced woman. She was captive of Khyber war. This made a great impact on the Jews, with the result that many accepted Islam. Safiyah died in 50 A.H, in the age of 60 and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.
She wanted to help besieged people when Hazrat Usman was besieged in 35A.H in his house but she couldn’t. She has quoted a number of traditions.
She was a wise and intelligent woman. She was generous and kind hearted.
Hazrat Maimunah bint Haris:
She belonged to the tribe of Quraish. She was sister-in-law of Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib. She was once divorced and widowed. She married Holy Prophet (pbuh) in 7A.H. She died in 51A.H at the age of 73 and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.
She was found of freeing slaves and of advising Muslim women. Holy Prophet (pbuh) called her a “symbol of goodness”. 46 traditions are quoted from her.
She was very pious and humble. She was also very learned.
Hazrat Maria Qibtia:
She came from a respectable and wealthy family. She was a present from the Chief of Egypt. She embraced Islam before reaching Madinah. Later Holy Prophet (pbuh) married her. She passed away 5 years after her son passed away and is buried in Jannat-ul –Baqi.
She gave birth to the Holy Prophet’s son, Ibrahim by which she rose in esteem and position among other wives. She was second lady after Hazrat Khadija to have son. She was respected by first two Khalifas of Islam and got pension.
She was pious and religious minded. She was a kindhearted and charitable woman.
Monday, 17 June 2013
Hadith from 1 to 20
Hadith 1
(a)
• Islam demands sincere and genuine faith.
• This sincerity is needed in the fundamental beliefs as well as towards the leaders and the members of the community.
• This means strong belief in Tawhid (oneness of God), the divine message of the Quran and the messenger of God who conveyed this Message to us.
• Also, the leader of the community, who follows the Quran and Sunnah, should be sincerely followed:
“And obey God and obey the Messenger and those charged with authority among you.” (4:59)
• Finally, Muslims should believe in respecting and caring for the fellows in the community.
(b)
• Belief in Tawhid, Quran and the last Messenger is demonstrated by following the eternal guidance of the Quran and Sunnah.
• Muslims should observe the five pillars of Islam:
“And establish regular prayer and pay the charity tax”
• As for cooperating with the leader of the community, Muslims should remember the speech of Abu Bakr on his election as caliph:
“Help me if I am in the right, set me right if I am in the wrong”
• Similarly, sincerity towards fellows should be expressed by being kind, polite and respectful to them.
Hadith 2
(a)
• Muslims are bonded together with common faith:
“Believers are a single brotherhood” (49:10) this bond of fraternity has been established by God Himself, and so, all Muslims should make it part of their faith.
• A heart without love and care for the fellow Muslims is devoid of true faith, & so, genuine faith is linked with affection for the other members of the community.
• “None of you believes” refers to imperfect faith, and not absence of faith. This means that any believer might fall prey to a lack of love for fellows.
(b)
• Muslims should negate selfishness, promote spirit of sacrifice and love for the fellow Muslims
• Should develop a sense of collective welfare and make efforts to ensure comfort and benefits for others as much as for himself:
“It is more beneficial for one to give his land free to his brother than to charge him a fixed rental” and:
“That you desire for others that what you desire for yourself”
• True believers should not look down upon others and should not taunt them or call them by offensive nick names.
• They are also not supposed to break ties with fellow brothers and should take initiative in re-establishing good relations.
Hadith 3
(a)
• Power of speech not only a great bounty by God but also a means of expressing faith:
“He has created man. He has taught him the speech (and intelligence),” (55:3, 4)
• With this belief, a believer should learn, “To keep quiet is better than telling a bad thing”
• Several evils, transgression and indecencies originate form misuse of the tongue.
• Similarly, faith is also linked read more >>
(a)
• Islam demands sincere and genuine faith.
• This sincerity is needed in the fundamental beliefs as well as towards the leaders and the members of the community.
• This means strong belief in Tawhid (oneness of God), the divine message of the Quran and the messenger of God who conveyed this Message to us.
• Also, the leader of the community, who follows the Quran and Sunnah, should be sincerely followed:
“And obey God and obey the Messenger and those charged with authority among you.” (4:59)
• Finally, Muslims should believe in respecting and caring for the fellows in the community.
(b)
• Belief in Tawhid, Quran and the last Messenger is demonstrated by following the eternal guidance of the Quran and Sunnah.
• Muslims should observe the five pillars of Islam:
“And establish regular prayer and pay the charity tax”
• As for cooperating with the leader of the community, Muslims should remember the speech of Abu Bakr on his election as caliph:
“Help me if I am in the right, set me right if I am in the wrong”
• Similarly, sincerity towards fellows should be expressed by being kind, polite and respectful to them.
Hadith 2
(a)
• Muslims are bonded together with common faith:
“Believers are a single brotherhood” (49:10) this bond of fraternity has been established by God Himself, and so, all Muslims should make it part of their faith.
• A heart without love and care for the fellow Muslims is devoid of true faith, & so, genuine faith is linked with affection for the other members of the community.
• “None of you believes” refers to imperfect faith, and not absence of faith. This means that any believer might fall prey to a lack of love for fellows.
(b)
• Muslims should negate selfishness, promote spirit of sacrifice and love for the fellow Muslims
• Should develop a sense of collective welfare and make efforts to ensure comfort and benefits for others as much as for himself:
“It is more beneficial for one to give his land free to his brother than to charge him a fixed rental” and:
“That you desire for others that what you desire for yourself”
• True believers should not look down upon others and should not taunt them or call them by offensive nick names.
• They are also not supposed to break ties with fellow brothers and should take initiative in re-establishing good relations.
Hadith 3
(a)
• Power of speech not only a great bounty by God but also a means of expressing faith:
“He has created man. He has taught him the speech (and intelligence),” (55:3, 4)
• With this belief, a believer should learn, “To keep quiet is better than telling a bad thing”
• Several evils, transgression and indecencies originate form misuse of the tongue.
• Similarly, faith is also linked read more >>
Topics
Muhajirin and Ansar
• When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) arrived in Madina, he declared brotherhood between the Muhajirin and the Ansar in the house of Hazrat Anas ibn Malik. There were ninety men – half of them from the Muhajirin and half of them from the Ansar – and the Holy Prophet (PBUH) declared brotherhood between them in charity and benevolence, and made them to inherit from each other in case of the death of any of them, in preference to their next-of-kin. This continued until the Battle of Badr took place, when Allah revealed:
“And blood relations among each other have closer personal ties in the Decree of Allah (regarding inheritance)…” (33:6), returning the right of inheritance to the next of kin, rather than those joined in brotherhood.
Muhajirin
• The Muhajirin are those people who emigrated in the way of Allah from Makkah to
Madina.
• The term ‘Muhajir’ is not applied to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself.
• The Muhajirin suffered greatly at the hands of the Quraish before their migration.
• Some emigrants had to leave their sons, daughters, wives or husbands behind for their religion.
• Some stole out of Makkah alone and made the arduous journey to Madina by themselves.
• Also, they took virtually no possessions to Madina, and thus arrived penniless.
Quran:
“The sins of the emigrants --- are forgiven.”
“Those who believed, migrated and expended blood and treasure in fighting for the cause of Allah, occupy a high position.
Ansar
• The Ansar are the people of the tribes of Aus and Khazraj.
• These tribes had migrated to Madina in the twilight of the Himyarite Empire.
• These two tribes fought with each other, as well as the Jews with whom they shared the city.
• After Muhammad (PBUH)’s arrival, these two tribes lived in peace forever.
• After the establishment of the Brotherhood between the Muhajirin and the Ansar, the Ansar were eager to divide their every possession read more>>
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)